I SAPR (Sistemi Aeromobili a Pilotaggio Remoto) per il rilievo e il monitoraggio del territorio: stato dell’arte e applicazioni fotogrammetriche

I Sistemi Aeromobili a Pilotaggio Remoto (SAPR) rappresentano la grande novità degli ultimi anni nell’ambito delle applicazioni per il rilievo e il monitoraggio del territorio. Molte ricerche sono state portate avanti per definire limiti e potenzialità di questi sistemi, ma ancora, non è possibile avere degli standard operativi sia per le accuratezze dei rilievi sia per l’affidabilità degli elaborati. L’articolo descrive le caratteristiche principali dei SAPR attualmente utilizzati per applicazioni professionali e le varie fasi che caratterizzano il rilievo fotogrammetrico con questi sistemi per la produzione di modelli 3D e di dati cartografici utili ai fini delle indagini geologiche/geomorfologiche.The Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) are the great innovation of the last few years for the survey and the monitoring of the territory. Many researches have been carried out to define the limits and potential of these systems, but still now it is not possible to have effective standards for survey accuracy and metric reliability. The paper describes the main features of the RPAS currently used for professional applications and the various steps of the photogrammetric survey with these systems to produce 3D models and cartographic data useful for of geological/geomorphological purposes

Sperimentazione di procedure automatiche in fotogrammetria close-range per il rilievo di Beni Culturali

Lo sviluppo di procedure automatiche in fotogrammetria close-range rappresenta attualmente un interessante argomento di ricerca soprattutto per quanto riguarda la fase di orientamento delle immagini. L’automazione del processo è principalmente dovuta all’integrazione tra tecniche derivate dalla Computer Vision e tecniche fotogrammetriche che ha consentito di sviluppare software scientifici e commerciali che consentono di eseguire automaticamente il processo di orientamento. L’obiettivo dello studio svolto è quello di eseguire una prima verifica sulle potenzialità delle procedure automatiche disponibili nel software PhotoModeler Scanner 2011 della EOS Systems. Tali procedure utilizzano la strategia della “Structure from Motion” che consente di orientare automaticamente anche un numero molto elevato di immagini. Differenti casi studio, dal punto di vista della forma, della dimensione, del materiale e dei dettagli architettonici, sono stati presi in considerazione per le operazioni di verifica

Flow-bed interactions analysis and application of automatic close range digital photogrammetric survey in a laboratory flume

This paper reports on a laboratory study in which the automatic digital photogrammetric survey was applied to derive the high-resolution Digital Surface Model (DSM) of the bed topography, used for the flow-bed interactions analysis, in a large amplitude meandering laboratory flume. The analysis has been conducted with the aid of detailed data of three-dimensional flow field previously collected using the acoustic Doppler velocity profiler DOP2000. The applied surveying procedure has allowed the evaluation of the DSM with a resolution of ±0.5 mm. The detailed DSM has been compared with peculiar maps describing the flow velocity pattern (downstream and the crossstream flows) and the shear velocity distribution along the meandering flume. The comparison has highlighted that high quality topographic data are of crucial importance to evaluate the crosscirculation effect on the redistribution of the velocity and boundary shear stress and, thereby, on the meandering channel evolution

Integrated surveying techniques in cultural heritage documentation

This paper is focused on integration between laser scanning data, CAD modelling and photogrammetric data collected during the survey of one façade of the monument called “Quattro Canti” in the historic centre of Palermo. The investigation has been directed to the production of a 3D photorealistic model of the monument. The “Quattro Canti” monument is formed by four cylindrical façades facing the square where the older streets of Palermo intersect; each façade has a symbolic reference to one of the seasons and is divided in four levels. The façade called “Canto dell’Autunno” has been surveyed both with laser scanning and with photogrammetric techniques. Laser scanning data have been collected in a single scan with a resolution of about 7 mm; stereoscopical photos have been taken with a film camera Rollei 6006; all data have been referred to a topographic reference system. The investigation has been restricted to the third level of the “Canto dell’Autunno” façade. The surface model has been built from laser scanning data with an automatic triangulation process; the inconsistent parts have been substituted using CAD models and points extracted via photogrammetric image matching. Photogrammetric processes have been used also to produce a 3D orthophoto. In order to produce a 3D photorealistic model of the investigated area, photogrammetric texture mapping has been performed with a commercial software

Levantamiento 3D para el estudio arqueológico y la reconstrucción virtual del Santuario de Isis en la antigua Lilybaeum (Italia)

[EN] In recent years, the use of three-dimensional (3D) models in cultural and archaeological heritage for documentation and dissemination purposes has increased. New geomatics technologies have significantly reduced the time spent on fieldwork surveys and data processing. The archaeological remains can be documented and reconstructed in a digital 3D environment thanks to the new 3D survey technologies. Furthermore, the products generated by modern surveying technologies can be reconstructed in a virtual environment on effective archaeological bases and hypotheses coming from a detailed 3D data analysis. However, the choice of technologies that should be used to get the best results for different archaeological remains and how to use 3D models to improve knowledge and dissemination to a wider audience are open questions. This paper deals with the use of terrestrial laser scanners and photogrammetric surveys for the virtual reconstruction of an archaeological site. In particular, the work describes the study for the 3D documentation and virtual reconstruction of the Sanctuary of Isis in Lilybaeum, the ancient city of Marsala (southern Italy). The Sanctuary of Isis is the only Roman sacred building known in this archaeological area. Based on the survey data, it has been possible to recreate the original volumes of the ancient building and rebuild the two best-preserved floors –a geometric mosaic and an opus spicatum– for a first digital reconstruction of the archaeological complex in a 3D environment.[ES] En los últimos años, el uso de los modelos tridimensionales (3D) en el patrimonio cultural y arqueológico para los propósitos de documentación y difusión están aumentando. Las nuevas tecnologías geomáticas han reducido significativamente el tiempo de trabajo de campo y procesamiento de los datos. Los restos arquitectónicos se pueden documentar y reconstruir en un entorno digital tridimensional (3D) gracias a las nuevas tecnologías de levantamiento 3D. Además, los productos generados con las tecnologías modernas de levantamiento se pueden reconstruir en entornos virtuales a partir de bases e hipótesis arqueológicas sólidas que provienen de un análisis detallado de los datos 3D. Sin embargo, la elección de las tecnologías que se deberían usar para obtener los mejores resultados en diferentes objetos y cómo los modelos 3D para mejorar el conocimiento y la divulgación a un público más amplio son cuestiones abiertas. Este artículo aborda el uso de los escáneres láser terrestre y de los levantamientos fotogramétricos para la reconstrucción virtual del Santuario de Isis en Lilybaeum, la antigua ciudad de Marsala (sur de Italia). El Santuario de Isis es el único edificio sagrado en la ciudad romana en esta área arqueológica. Sobre la base de la toma de datos, es posible recrear los volúmenes originales del edificio antiguo y reconstruir los dos suelos mejor conservados, un mosaico geométrico y un opus spicatum, para una primera reconstrucción digital del complejo arqueológico en un entorno 3D.Fazio, L.; Lo Brutto, M. (2020). 3D survey for the archaeological study and virtual reconstruction of the “Sanctuary of Isis” in the ancient Lilybaeum (Italy). Virtual Archaeology Review. 11(22):1-14. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2020.11928OJS1141122Banfi, F. (2017). BIM orientation: grades of generation and information for different type of analysis and management process. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W5, 57-64. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-57-2017Demetrescu, E. (2015). Archaeological Stratigraphy as a Formal Language for Virtual Reconstruction. Theory and Practice. Journal of Archaeological Science, 57, 42-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.004Demetrescu, E., & Fanini, B. (2017). A white-box framework to oversee archaeological virtual reconstructions in space and time: methods and tools. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 14, 500-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.06.034Demetrescu, E. (2018). Virtual Reconstruction as a Scientific Tool: The Extended Matrix and Source-Based Modelling Approach, In Münster S., Friedrichs K., Niebling F., Seidel-Grzesińska A. (eds), Digital Research and Education in Architectural Heritage, Communications in Computer and Information Science, 817, 102-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76992-9_7Denker, A. (2017). Rebuilding Palmyra virtually: recreation of its former glory in digital space. Virtual Archaeology Review, 8(17), 20-30. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2017.5963Ebolese, D., Lo Brutto, M., & Dardanelli, G. (2019). UAV survey for the archaeological map of Lilybaeum (Marsala, Italy). International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W11, 495-502, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W11-495-2019Ercek, R., Viviers, D., & Warzé, N. (2010). 3D reconstruction and digitalization of an archeological site, Itanos, Crete. Virtual Archaeology Review, 1(1), 81-85. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2010.4794Fazio, L., Lo Brutto, M., & Dardanelli, G. (2019). Survey and virtual reconstruction of ancient Roman floors in an archaeological context. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W11, 511-518. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W11-511-2019Fiorillo, F., Jimenez, B, Remondino, F., & Barba, S. (2013). 3D surveying and modelling of the archaeological area of Paestum, Italy. Virtual Archaeology Review, 4(8), 55-60. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2013.4306Forte, M. (2014). 3D archaeology - New Perspectives and Challenges - The Example of Çatalhöyük. Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology & Heritage Studies, 2(1), 1-29. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.2.1.0001Gabellone, F., Ferrari, I., & Giuri, F. (2017). A new contribution for the reconstructive study of the theatre of Taormina. IMEKO International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, Italy, October 23-25, 2017, 23-25.Galeazzi, F. (2016). Towards the definition of best 3D practices in archaeology: Assessing 3D documentation techniques for intra-site data recording. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 17, 159-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2015.07.005Gherardini, F., Santachiara, M., & Leali, F. (2019). Enhancing heritage fruition through 3D virtual models and augmented reality: an application to Roman artefacts. Virtual Archaeology Review, 10(21), 67-79. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2019.11918Giglio Cerniglia, R., Palazzo, P., Vecchio, P., & Canzonieri, E. (2012). Lilibeo (Marsala). Risultati della campagna 2008. In C. Ampolo (Ed.), Sicilia occidentale. Studi, Rassegne, Ricerche (Vol. II, pp. 225-238). Erice, 12-15 October 2009.Grussenmeyer, P., Alby, E., Assali, P., Poitevin, V., Hullo, J. F., & Smigiel, E. (2011). Accurate Documentation in Cultural Heritage by merging TLS and high resolution photogrammetric data. Proceedings SPIE 8085, Videometrics, Range Imaging, and Applications XI, 808508, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.890087Guidi, G., Russo, M., & Angheleddu, D. (2014). 3D survey and virtual reconstruction of archeological sites. Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, 1(2), 55-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.daach.2014.01.001Historic England (2017). Photogrammetric Applications for Cultural Heritage. Guidance for Good Practice. Swindon: Historic England.Historic England (2018). 3D Laser Scanning for Heritage: Advice and Guidance on the Use of Laser Scanning in Archaeology and Architecture. Swindon: Historic England.Kuroczyński, P. (2017). Virtual research environment for digital 3D reconstructions: standards, thresholds, and prospects. Studies in Digital Heritage 1(2), 456-476. https://doi.org/10.14434/sdh.v1i2.23330Lerma, J. L., Navarro, S., Cabrelles, M., Seguí, A. E., Haddad, N., & Akasheh T. (2011). Integration of Laser Scanning and Imagery for Photorealistic 3D Architectural Documentation. In C-C. Wang (Ed.) Laser Scanning, Theory and Applications, (pp. 414-430). Rijeka, Croatia: InTech.Lo Brutto, M., & Dardanelli, G. (2017). Vision metrology and structure from motion for archaeological heritage 3D reconstruction: a Case Study of various Roman mosaics. Acta IMEKO, 6(3), 35-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v6i3.458López-Martínez, T., Calvo-Bartolomé, B., & García-Bueno, A. (2019). Virtual restitution of the parietal decoration in the sala del mosaic de lod amores castulo archaeological site (Linares, Spain). International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W11, 741-745. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W11-741-2019Monti, M., & Maino, G. (2018). Non-metric digital reconstruction of Roman mosaics excavated in the city of Ravenna (Italy). Virtual Archaeology Review, 9 (19), 66-75. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2018.7227Remondino, F., & El‐Hakim, S. (2006). Image‐based 3D modelling: a review. The Photogrammetric Record, 21, 269-291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.2006.00383.xSantachiara, M., Gherardini, F., & Leali. F. (2018). An augmented reality application for the visualization and the pattern analysis of a Roman mosaic. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 364, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/364/1/012094Sapirstein, P., & Murray, S. (2017). Establishing Best Practices for Photogrammetric Recording During Archaeological Fieldwork. Journal of Field Archaeology, 42(4), 337-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2017.1338513Tucci, G., Bonora, V., Conti, A., & Fiorini, L. (2017). High quality 3D models and their use in a cultural heritage conservation project. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W5, 687-693. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-687-2017Valente, R., Brumana, R., Oreni, D., Banfi, F., Barazzetti, L., & Previtali, M. (2017). Object-oriented approach for 3D archaeological documentation. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W5, 707-712. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-707-2017Younes, G., Kahil, R., Jallad, M., Asmar, D., Elhajj, I., Turkiyyah, G., & Al-Harithy, H. (2017). Virtual and augmented reality for rich interaction with cultural heritage sites: A case study from the Roman Theater at Byblos. Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, 5, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.daach.2017.03.00

3D mosaics survey: analysis of photogrammetric/computer vision approach in a metrological context

The goal of the paper is evaluate photogrammetric/computer vision approach in a metrological context for 3D mosaics survey. The aim of the mosaics survey is the production of a full-scale representation (scale 1:1) useful for the documentation and for the restoration processes. In order to evaluate the optimal photogrammetric/computer vision workflow in this work three different surveys have been done for three mosaics with different size and location. Two of these are stored at Regional Archaeological Museum “Antonino Salinas” in Palermo (Italy) and the other one is stored at Regional Archaeological Museum “Baglio Anselmi” in Marsala (Italy). The research has allowed to show the potentiality and the issues of photogrammetric/computer vision approach for the 3D mosaic documentation

Full-Waveform Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Extracting a High-Resolution 3D Topographic Model: a Case Study on an Area of Archaeological Significance

This paper describes a method, which uses full-waveform terrestrial laser scanning to survey the surface of the slope below the Temple of Juno, located in the Valley of the Temples in Agrigento (Sicily, Southern Italy). The surface is characterized by the presence of large rock blocks, which have fallen down from the upper side; possible further detachments of rock blocks would cause a situation of general instability, with a very high risk to the archaeological structures in the near future. The methodology was designed to evaluate the potential of full-waveform laser scanning technology for the production of a very high resolution 3D topographic model of the slope, to be used as a support for the interpretation of geomorphological processes and for geotechnical analysis

Il laser scanner terrestre per il rilevamento e la modellazione di zone “instabili”: il versante sottostante il Tempio di Giunone (Agrigento)

Lo studio descrive le operazioni del rilevamento laser scanner terrestre del versante sottostante il Tempio di Giunone nella Valle dei Templi di Agrigento. Il versante è caratterizzato dalla presenza di grossi blocchi rocciosi che si sono staccati dal basamento sommitale sul quale è costruito il Tempio; tale condizione evidenzia una situazione di generale “instabilità” che potrebbe nel tempo mettere a rischio le strutture archeologiche a causa di successivi distacchi. Il lavoro è stato principalmente finalizzato alla verifica dell’utilizzo delle tecniche laser scanning per la produzione di informazioni metriche utili per l’interpretazione geologica dei fenomeni in atto e per le analisi geotecniche. Il modello tridimensionale prodotto ha consentito un’accurata valutazione dei volumi e delle giaciture dei blocchi instabili ed è risultato particolarmente utile per lo studio geologico del versante anche in relazione a successive operazioni di monitoraggio o di integrazione con altre tecniche di rilievo

La rete GNSS per il posizionamento in tempo reale dell’Università di Palermo: progetto, realizzazione e primi risultati

Le reti di stazioni permanenti GNSS (Global Navigational Satellite System) per il tempo reale (NRTK - Network Real Time Kinematic) rappresentano un argomento di grande interesse per la comunità scientifica per le potenziali ricadute sulle applicazioni tecnico scientifiche del posizionamento satellitare. L’articolo descrive e affronta le problematiche riscontrate nel corso dell’attività di ricerca svolta dall’Unità Operativa di Palermo nell’ambito del progetto PRIN2005 dal titolo: “Reti di stazioni permanenti GPS per il rilievo in tempo reale in impieghi di controllo e emergenza”. La ricerca è stata finalizzata alla progettazione e realizzazione di una rete di stazioni permanenti GNSS NRTK nella Sicilia centro-occidentale, costituita da otto stazioni permanenti dislocate nelle province di Agrigento, Caltanissetta, Palermo e Trapani. L’attività svolta ha riguardato lo studio preliminare, la scelta dei siti, la materializzazione delle stazioni, il funzionamento delle strumentazioni hardware e software, la trasmissione dei dati, l’inquadramento geodetico e le prime applicazioni

Studio delle potenzialità delle piattaforme UAV nel campo del rilievo dei Beni Culturali

L'uso di piattaforme aeree senza pilota a bordo (UAV) sta diventando sempre più frequente nel campo del rilievo fotogrammetrico soprattutto grazie ai numerosi vantaggi che tali sistemi presentano rispetto alle classiche riprese di fotogrammetria aerea. Il lavoro condotto descrive i primi risultati ottenuti utilizzando sistemi UAV per il rilievo di Beni Culturali. Lo studio è stato svolto acquisendo alcuni dataset relativi a siti archeologici; tali dataset presentano caratteristiche differenti in relazione ai velivoli utilizzati, alle caratteristiche dei voli ed all’estensione delle aree rilevate. Il lavoro ha permesso di eseguite delle prime valutazioni sulla precisione metrica degli orientamenti e sul livello di dettaglio ottenuto dai modelli 3D e dalle ortofoto